Links to Further
Readings in Support of SpatialSTEM
Joseph
K. Berry
Adjunct Faculty in
Geosciences, University of Denver
Adjunct Faculty in Natural
Resources, Colorado State University
Principal, Berry & Associates // Spatial
Information Systems, Fort Collins, Colorado
Email: jkberry@du.edu — Website: www.innovativegis.com/basis/
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Notes: When viewing this
listing in HTML and .pdf formats, each reference
contains an embedded URL as blue underlined text. When viewing as hardcopy,
the following direct links to the general online document containing the
references are— -
Online book Beyond Mapping III is posted at www.innovativegis.com/basis/MapAnalysis/Default.htm
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White papers
are posted at www.innovativegis.com/basis/Papers/Online_Papers.htm
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General BASIS website containing books,
additional papers, presentation decks and teaching materials is posted at www.innovativegis.com/basis/ |
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General Overview |
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- A
Brief History and Probable Future of Geotechnology — white paper
overview on the evolution and future
directions of GIS technology |
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- An
Analytical Framework for GIS Modeling — white paper detailing a conceptual framework for map analysis and GIS Modeling |
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Part 1 – SpatialSTEM Approach and the
Nature of Grid-based Mapped Data |
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sSTEM Topic |
Link and Description |
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Defining Geotechnology |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Introduction, Is it Soup Yet? — describes the evolution in definitions and
terminology; What’s
in a Name — suggests and defines the new
term Geotechnology · Beyond Mapping
III, Epilog, Lumpers
and Splitters Propel GIS — describes the two
camps of GIS (GeoExploration and GeoScience); The
Softer Side of GIS — describes a Manual GIS
(circa 1950) and the relationship between social science conceptual
frameworks for understanding/judgment in GIS modeling; Melding
the Minds of the “-ists” and “-ologists” —
elaborates on the two basic mindsets driving the geotechnology community; Is
GIS Technology Ahead of Science? — discusses
several issues surrounding the differences in the treatment of non-spatial
and spatial data |
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Beyond Traditional GIS Education |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 4, Where Is GIS
Education, Where
Is GIS Education — describes the broadening appeal of · Infusing
Grid-Based Map Analysis into Introductory Courses, conference paper on teaching map analysis and modeling · Education,
Vocation and GIS Enlightenment, plenary presentation on GIS education
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A Mathematical Structure for Map Analysis/Modeling |
· Map-ematical
Models: Doing the Math, short
paper with links on mathematical modeling with · A
Mathematical Structure for Analyzing Maps— a 1986 Journal of Environmental Management article establishing a
framework for map analysis/modeling · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 22 – Reclassifying and Overlaying Maps, Use
a Map-ematical Framework for GIS Modeling
— describes a conceptual structure for map analysis operations and GIS
modeling · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 24 – Overview of Spatial Analysis and
Statistics, Moving
Mapping to Analysis of Mapped Data — describes Spatial
Analysis and Spatial Statistics as extensions to traditional mapping and
statistics; Bending
Our Understanding of Distance — uses effective distance
in establishing erosion setback to demonstrate spatial analysis · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 29 – Spatial Modeling in Natural Resources, Putting
GIS Modeling Concepts in Their Place — develops a typology
of GIS modeling types and characteristics; A
Suitable Framework for GIS Modeling — describes a framework for suitability
modeling based on a flowchart of model logic; GIS’s
Supporting Role in the Future of Natural Resources — discusses the
influence of human dimensions in natural resources and GIS technology’s role |
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Types of Digital Maps |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18 – Understanding Grid-based Data, Multiple
Methods Help Organize Raster Data — discusses
different approaches to storing raster data; Grids
and Lattices Build Visualizations — describes
Lattice and Grid forms of map surface display; Contour
Lines versus Color Gradients for Displaying Spatial Information —
discusses the similarities and differences between discrete contour line and
continuous gradient procedures for visualizing map surfaces |
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Grid Data Structure |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18 – Understanding Grid-based Data, VtoR
and Back! — describes various techniques for converting between
vector and raster data types; Multiple
Methods Help Organize Raster Data — discusses different approaches
to storing raster data; Use
Mapping “Art” to Visualize Values — describes procedures for
generating contour maps; What’s
Missing in Mapping? — discusses the need for identifying data
dispersion as well as average in Thematic Mapping |
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Part 2 – Spatial Analysis |
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sSTEM Topic |
Link and Description |
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Spatial
Data Perspectives—Where is What |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Introduction, Finding
Common Ground in Paper and Digital Worlds — describes the similarities and differences in information
and organization between traditional paper and digital maps · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18,
Understanding Grid-based Data, Maps
Are Numbers First, Pictures Later —
discusses the numeric and geographic characteristics of map values · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 24, Overview of
Spatial Analysis and Statistics, Simultaneously
Trivializing and Complicating GIS — describes a mathematical structure for
spatial analysis operations |
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Basic
Grid Math and Algebra (Precision Farming Example) |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16,
Characterizing Patterns and Relationships, Spatial
Data Mining “Down on the Farm” —
discusses process for moving from Whole-Field
to Site-Specific management · Who’s
Minding the Farm — feature
article in GeoWorld on applying map analysis in precision agriculture |
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Advanced
Grid Math— Trig (Cosine) |
· Beyond Mapping III,
Topic 11 – Characterizing Micro-Terrain Features, Use
Surface Area for Realistic Calculations — describes a technique for adjusting planimetric area to
surface area considering terrain slope; Ironing
Out Colorado— extended
discussion comparing planimetric and surface area results for Colorado |
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Map Calculus—
Derivative (Slope) and Integral (Zonal) |
Derivative
(Slope): · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 11 – Characterizing Micro-Terrain Features, Characterizing Terrain Slope and Roughness —
discusses techniques for determining terrain inclination and coarseness; Beware
of Slope’s Slippery Slope — describes various
slope calculations and compares results · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 26 – Assessing Spatially-Defined
Neighborhoods, Computer
Processing Aids Spatial Neighborhood Analysis — discusses
approaches for calculating slope and profile Integral
(Zonal): · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 22 – Reclassifying and Overlaying Maps, Overlay
Operations Feature a Variety of Options — discusses the basic overlaying map operations |
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Map Geometry— Distance, Simple and Effective Proximity |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 25 – Effective Distance and Connectivity, Measuring
Distance Is Neither Here nor There —
discusses the basic concepts of distance and proximity; Use
Cells and Rings to Calculate Simple Proximity —
describes how simple proximity is calculated; Extend
Simple Proximity to Effective Movement — discusses the
concept of effective distance responding to relative and absolute barriers · Beyond
Mapping III, Topic 13 – Creating Variable-Width Buffers, Extending
GIS Procedures with Variable-Width Buffers — discusses the basic considerations in
establishing variable-width buffers that respond to both intervening
conditions and the type of connectivity; Create
Effective Distance Buffers to Improve Map Accuracy —
develops procedures for creating buffers that respond to the relative ease of
movement · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 29 – Spatial Modeling in Natural Resources, Harvesting
an Understanding of GIS Modeling — describes a prototype
model for assessing off-road access to forest areas; Extending
Forest Harvesting’s Reach — discusses a multiplicative
weighting method for model extension; A
Twelve-step Program for
Recovery from Flaky Forest Formulations — describes a spatial
model for identifying Landings and Timbersheds; E911
for the Backcountry — describes development of an on- and off-road
travel-time surface for emergency response; Extending
Emergency Response Beyond the Lines — discusses basic model processing and
modifications for additional considerations; Comparing
Emergency Response Alternatives — describes comparison procedures and
route evaluation techniques; Assessing
Wildfire Response (Part 1): Oneth by Land, Twoeth by Air — discusses a spatial
model for determining effective helicopter landing zones; Assessing
Wildfire Response (Part 2): Jumping Right into It —
describes map analysis procedures for determining initial response time for
alternative attack modes |
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Plane Geometry Connectivity— Optimal Path |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 19 – Routing and Optimal Paths, A
Three-Step Process Identifies Preferred Routes — describes the basic steps in Least Cost Path analysis; Consider
Multi-Criteria When Routing — discusses the construction
of a discrete “cost/avoidance” map and optimal path corridors; A
Recipe for Calibrating and Weighting GIS Model Criteria —
identifies procedures for calibrating and weighting map layers in GIS models;
Think
with Maps to Evaluate Alternative Routes — describes
procedures for comparing routes |
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Solid Geometry Connectivity— Visual Exposure |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 13 – Creating Variable-Width Buffers, Line-of-Sight
Buffers Add Intelligent to Maps — describes procedures for creating buffers that track
relative visual exposure and noise levels; · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 15 – Deriving and Using Visual Exposure Maps,
Identify
and Use Visual Exposure to Create Viewshed Maps — discusses basic considerations and procedures for
establishing visual connectivity; Visual
Exposure is in the Eye of the Beholder — describes
procedures for assessing visual impact and creating simple models; Use
Exposure Maps and Fat Buttons to Assess Visual Impact —
investigates procedures for assessing visual exposure; Use
Maps to Assess Visual Vulnerability — discusses a
procedure for identifying visually vulnerable areas; Try
Vulnerability Maps to Visualize Aesthetics — describes a
procedure for deriving an aesthetics map based on visual exposure to pretty
and ugly places |
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Unique Map Analytics |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 22 – Reclassifying and Overlaying Maps, Options
Seem Endless When Reclassifying Maps — discusses the basic reclassifying map operations; Contiguity
Ties Things Together — describes an analytical approach for
determining effective contiguity (clumped features) |
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Part 3 – Spatial Statistics |
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sSTEM Topic |
Link and Description |
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Overview of Spatial Statistics |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 24 – Overview of Spatial Analysis and
Statistics, Use
Spatial Statistics to Map Abnormal Averages — discusses surface modeling to characterize the spatial distribution
inherent in a data set; Making
Space for Mapped Data — investigates the link between geographic space
and data space for mapping data patterns; Infusing
Spatial Character into Statistics — describes a statistical structure
for spatial statistics operations |
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Linking data Space and Geographic Space |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 28 – Spatial Data Mining in Geo-Business, Twisting
the Perspective of Map Surfaces — describes the character of
spatial distributions through the generation of a customer density surface; Linking
Numeric and Geographic Distributions — investigates the
link between numeric and geographic distributions of mapped data · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 24 – Overview of Spatial Analysis and
Statistics, Making
Space for Mapped Data — investigates the link
between geographic space and data space for mapping data patterns · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, GIS Represents Spatial Patterns and Relationships
— discusses the important differences among discrete
mapping , continuous map surfaces and map analysis · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 7 – Linking Data Space and Geographic Space,
Beware
the Slippery Surfaces of GIS Modeling —
discusses the relationships among maps, map surfaces and data distributions; Link Data and Geographic Distributions —
describes the direct link between numeric and geographic distributions; Normally
Things Aren’t Normal — discusses the appropriateness of
using traditional “normal” and percentile statistics; Explore
Mapped Data— describes creation of a Standardized Map Variable
surface using Median and Quartile Range; Babies
and Bath Water — discusses the information lost in
aggregating field data and assigning typical values to polygons (desktop
mapping); Explore Data Space — establishes the
concept of "data space" and how mapped data conforms to this
fundamental view |
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Basic Descriptive Statistics and Classification |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, Use
Mapping “Art” to Visualize Values — describes procedures for
generating contour maps; What’s
Missing in Mapping? — discusses the need for identifying data
dispersion as well as average in Thematic Mapping · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18,
Understanding Grid-based Data, Maps
Are Numbers First, Pictures Later — discusses the numeric and geographic
characteristics of map values; Grids
and Lattices Build Visualizations — describes Lattice and
Grid forms of map surface display; Contour
Lines versus Color Gradients for Displaying Spatial Information —
discusses the similarities and differences between discrete contour line and
continuous gradient procedures for visualizing map surfaces |
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Map Comparison |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 10 – Analyzing Map Similarity and Zoning, Compare Maps by the Numbers —
describes several techniques for comparing discrete maps; Use
Statistics to Compare Map
Surfaces — describes several techniques
for comparing map surfaces · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, Statistically
Compare Discrete Maps — discusses procedures for
comparing discrete maps; Statistically
Compare Continuous Map Surfaces — discusses
procedures for comparing continuous map surfaces · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18, Understanding
Grid-based Data, Normalizing
Maps for Data Analysis —
describes map normalization and data exchange with other software packages; Comparing
Apples and Oranges — describes a Standard Normal
Variable (SNV) procedure for normalizing maps |
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Unique Map Descriptive Statistics |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 18,
Understanding Grid-based Data, Correlating
Maps and a Numerical Mindset —
describes a Spatially Localized Correlation procedure for mapping the mutual
relationship between two map variables |
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Spatial Autocorrelation and Surface Modeling |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 2 – Spatial Interpolation Procedures and
Assessment, The
Average Is Hardly Anywhere — discusses the
difference between spatial and non-spatial data distributions; Under
the Hood of Spatial Interpolation — investigates
the basic concepts in IDW and Krig interpolation
procedures; Justifiable Interpolation —
describes the "Residual Analysis" procedure for assessing
interpolation performance; Move Beyond a Map Full of Errors —
discusses a technique for generating a "shadow map" of error; Comparing Map Errors — describes
how normalized maps of error can be used to visualize the differences in
error surfaces · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 8 – Investigating Spatial Dependency, Unlocking the Keystone Concept of Spatial Dependency —
discusses spatial dependency and illustrates the effects of different spatial
arrangements of the same set of data; Measuring Spatial Dependency —
describes the basic measures of autocorrelation; Extending Spatial Dependency to Maps —
describes a technique for generating a map of spatial autocorrelation; Use
Polar Variograms to Assess Distance and Direction
Dependencies — discuses a procedure to
incorporate direction as well as distance for assessing spatial dependency · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 26 – Assessing Spatially-Defined
Neighborhoods, Milking
Spatial Context Information —
describes a procedure for deriving a customer density surface · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 28 – Spatial Data Mining in Geo-Business, Myriad
Techniques Help to Interpolate Spatial Distributions —
discusses the basic concepts underlying spatial interpolation; Interpreting
Interpolation Results (and why it is important) — describes
the use of “residual analysis” for evaluating spatial interpolation
performance |
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Advanced Classification |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 7 – Linking Data Space and Geographic Space,
Identify Data Patterns
— discusses data clustering and its application in
identifying spatial patterns · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, Use
Similarity to Identify Data Zones — describes level-slicing
for classifying areas into zones containing a specified data pattern; Use
Statistics to Map Data Clusters — discusses
clustering for partitioning an are into separate
data groups; Correlating
Maps and a Numerical Mindset — describes a Spatially Localized
Correlation procedure for mapping the mutual relationship between two map
variables · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 28 – Spatial Data Mining in Geo-Business, Use
Map Analysis to Characterize Data Groups — discusses the use of
“data distance” to derive similarity among the data patterns in a set of map
layers; Get
“Map-ematical” to Identify Data Zones —
describes the use of “level-slicing” for classifying locations with a
specified data pattern (data zones); Discover
the “Miracle” in Mapping Data Clusters — describes the use
of “clustering” to identify inherent groupings of similar data patterns |
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Spatial Correlation and Predictive Statistics |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 28 – Spatial Data Mining in Geo-Business, Can
We Really Map the Future? — describes the use of “linear regression” to develop
prediction equations relating dependent and independent map variables; Follow
These Steps to Map Potential Sales — describes an extensive geo-business application that
combines retail competition analysis and product sales prediction · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, Spatial
Data Mining Allows Users to Predict Maps — describes the
basic concepts and procedures for deriving equations that can be used to
derive prediction maps; Stratify
Maps to Make Better Predictions — illustrates a
procedure for subdividing an area into smaller more homogenous groups prior
to generating prediction equations · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 10 – Analyzing Map Similarity and Zoning, Use
Scatterplots to Understand Map Correlation
— discusses the underlying concepts in assessing
correlation among maps; Can
Predictable Maps Work for You? — describes
a procedure for deriving a spatial prediction model |
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Geographic Space as Universal database Key |
· Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 28 – Spatial Data Mining in Geo-Business, The
Universal Key for Unlocking GIS’s Full Potential — outlines
a global referencing system approach compatible with standard DBMS systems · Beyond Mapping
III, Topic 16 – Characterizing Patterns and
Relationships, Multiple
Methods Help Organize Raster Data — discusses
different approaches to storing raster data; VtoR
and Back! — describes various techniques for converting between
vector and raster data types |
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