…the old

“Beyond Mapping III” book (30 Topics)

has been reorganized into

two books (10 Topics each with Further Reading)

You are encouraged to access the revised version of the

Beyond Mapping Compilation Series

posted at http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/BeyondMappingSeries/

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Chronological Listing of Beyond Mapping Columns

by Joseph K. Berry appearing in GeoWorld (formally GIS World) magazine from 1989 through present

<Click here> right-click to download a printer-friendly version of this listing (.pdf).

The compilation of Beyond Mapping columns is organized into three groups—

Beyond Mapping III: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns is an online book organizing the columns from 1996 to 2013 into 30 Topics, Introduction and Epilog (…was reorganized into two books, November 2013)

Beyond Mapping II: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns is an online book organizing the columns from 1993 to 1996 into 10 Topics, Introduction and Epilog

Beyond Mapping I: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns is an online book organizing the columns from 1989 to 1993 into 10 Topics, Introduction and Epilog

…click on hyper links below to access the postings; click on any of the figures to pop-up a high resolution graphic. Permission to use portions of the collection for educational and non-commercial purposes is granted provided reference is made to the author and this online compilation.

Notes: Recent Beyond Mapping columns also can be accessed via http://www.geoplace.com, select the “News” item at the top-left, then “Articles/Columns & Archives” and from the second “or search by” pick list choose “Beyond Mapping.” Most of the processing and figures discussed in these online papers were derived using MapCalc^TM software. See www.innovativegis.com, “Software” section to download a free MapCalc Learner version with tutorial materials for classroom and self-learning map analysis concepts and procedures.

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Beyond Mapping III: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns …is an online book organizing the Beyond Mapping columns first published in GeoWorld (formally GIS World) from 1996 to 2013 into 28 Topics, Introduction and Epilog.

Note: click on the hyperlinks below to access the columns compiled into the Beyond Mapping III online book.

…columns below (highlighted in tan) were published since the Map Analysis book/CD release (after January, 2007)
12	December	2013	Where Do We Go from Here? — Swan Song after 25 years of Beyond Mapping columns
11	November	2013	The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Sides of GIS — discusses the potential of geotechnology to hinder (or even thwart) societal progress
10	October	2013	Laying the Foundation for SpatialSTEM: Spatial Mathematics, Map Algebra and Map Analysis — discusses the conceptual foundation and intellectual shifts needed for SpatialSTEM
9	September	2013	The Spatial Key to Seeing the Big Picture — describes a five step process for generating grid map layers from spatially tagged data
8	August	2013	Generating Mountains and Molehills from Field Sampled Data — creating an elevation surface from field sampled data
7	July	2013	In Search of the Elusive Image — describes extended geo-query techniques for accessing images containing a location of interest
6	June	2013	Setting a Place at the Table for Grid-based Data — describes the differences between individual file and table storage approaches
5	May	2013	Mixing It up in GIS Modeling’s Kitchen — an overview of map analysis and GIS modeling considerations
4	April	2013	Spatially Evaluating the T-test — illustrates the expansion of traditional math/stat procedures to operate on map variables to spatially solve traditional non-spatial equations
3	March	2013	Depending on Where is What — develops an organizational structure for spatial statistics
2	February	2013	Recasting Map Analysis Operations for General Consumption — reorganizes ArcGIS’s Spatial Analyst tools into the SpatialSTEM framework that extends traditional math/stat procedures
1	January	2013	Optimal Path Density is not all that Dense (Conceptually) — uses Optimal Path Density Analysis to identify “corridors of common access”
12	December	2012	Bringing Travel and Terrain Directions into Line — describes comparison procedures and route evaluation techniques
11	November	2012	Just How Crooked Are Things? — discusses distance-related metrics for assessing crookedness
10	October	2012	To Boldly Go Where No Map Has Gone Before — identifies Lat/Lon as a Universal Spatial Key for joining database tables
9	September	2012	Organizing Geographic Space for Effective Analysis — an overview of data organization for grid-based map analysis
8	August	2012	Altering Our Spatial Perspective through Dynamic Windows — discusses the three types of roving windows— fixed, weighted and dynamic
7	July	2012	Narrowing-In on Absurd Gerrymanders — discusses how a Narrowness Index (NI) can be applied to assess redistricting configurations
6	June	2012	Questioning GIS in Higher Education — describes thoughts and notes from a panel discussion on “GIS in Higher Education”
5	May	2012	Infusing Spatial Character into Statistics — describes a statistical structure for spatial statistics operations
4	April	2012	Simultaneously Trivializing and Complicating GIS — describes a mathematical structure for spatial analysis operations
3	March	2012	Paint by Numbers Outside the Traditional Statistics Box — discusses the nature of Spatial Statistics operations
2	February	2012	Map-ematically Messing with Mapped Data — discusses the nature of grid-based mapped data and Spatial Analysis operations
1	January	2012	SpatialSTEM Has Deep Mathematical Roots — provides a conceptual framework for a map-ematical treatment of mapped data
12	December	2011	VtoR and Back! — describes various techniques for converting between vector and raster data types
11	November	2011	Contour Lines versus Color Gradients for Displaying Spatial Information — discusses the similarities and differences between discrete contour line and continuous gradient procedures for visualizing map surfaces
10	October	2011	The Universal Key for Unlocking GIS’s Full Potential — outlines a global referencing system approach compatible with standard DBMS systems
9	September	2011	Assessing Wildfire Response (Part 2): Jumping Right into It — describes map analysis procedures for determining initial response time for alternative attack modes
8	August	2011	Assessing Wildfire Response (Part 1): Oneth by Land, Twoeth by Air — discusses a spatial model for determining effective helicopter landing zones
7	July	2011	Extending Information into No-Data Areas — describes a technique for “filling-in” information from surrounding data into no-data locations
6	June	2011	Breaking Away from Breakpoints — describes the use of curve-fitting to derive continuous equations for suitability model ratings
5	May	2011	Correlating Maps and a Numerical Mindset — describes a Spatially Localized Correlation procedure for mapping the mutual relationship between two map variables
4	April	2011	Comparing Apples and Oranges — describes a Standard Normal Variable (SNV) procedure for normalizing maps for comparison
3	March	2011	A Dynamic Tune-up for Distance Calculations — describes the algorithms for dynamic effective distance procedures involving intervening conditions
2	February	2011	Advancing the Concept of Effective Distance — describes the algorithms used in implementing Starter value advanced techniques
1	January	2011	Which Direction Are You Headed? — describes four perspectives on the trailing “S” in the GIS acronym
12	December	2010	GIS’s Supporting Role in the Future of Natural Resources — discusses the influence of human dimensions in natural resources and GIS technology’s role
11	November	2010	A Suitable Framework for GIS Modeling — describes a framework for suitability modeling based on a flowchart of model logic
10	October	2010	Putting GIS Modeling Concepts in Their Place — develops a typology of GIS modeling types and characteristics
9	September	2010	Comparing Emergency Response Alternatives — describes comparison procedures and route evaluation techniques
8	August	2010	Extending Emergency Response Beyond the Lines — discusses basic model processing and modifications for additional considerations
7	July	2010	E911 for the Backcountry — describes development of an on- and off-road travel-time surface for emergency response
6	June	2010	A Twelve-step Program for Recovery from Flaky Forest Formulations — describes a spatial model for identifying Landings and Timbersheds
5	May	2010	Extending Forest Harvesting’s Reach — discusses a multiplicative weighting method for model extension
4	April	2010	Harvesting an Understanding of GIS Modeling — describes a prototype model for assessing off-road access to forest areas
3	March	2010	Fitting Square Pegs into Round GIS Educational Holes — discusses the need to engage non-GIS students in developing spatially distributed solutions
2	February	2010	GIS Education’s Need for “Hitchhikers” — establishes the need for engaging “domain experts” in moving geotechnology to the next level
1	January	2010	A Quick Peek Outside GIS’s Disciplinary Cave — discusses future directions of geotechnology with particular emphasis on career outlook and GIS education
12	December	2009	From a Map Pancake to a Soufflé — continues the discussion of concepts and configuration of a 3D GIS
11	November	2009	Thinking Outside the Box — discusses concepts and configuration of 3-dimensional geography
10	October	2009	Visualizing a Three-dimensional Reality — uses visual connectivity to introduce and reinforce the paradigm of three-dimension geography
9	September	2009	GIS and the Cloud Computing Conundrum — describes cloud computing with particular attention to its geotechnology expression
8	August	2009	Use Spatial Sensitivity Analysis to Assess Model Response — develops an approach for assessing the sensitivity of GIS models
7	July	2009	Melding the Minds of the “-ists” and “-ologists” — elaborates on the two basic mindsets driving the geotechnology community
6	June	2009	A Narrow-minded Approach — describes how Narrowness maps are derived
5	May	2009	Identifying Upland Ridges — describes a procedure for locating extended upland ridges
4	April	2009	What’s Missing in Mapping? — discusses the need for identifying data dispersion as well as average in Thematic Mapping
3	March	2009	What’s in a Name — suggests and defines the new term Geotechnology
2	February	2009	Is it Soup Yet? — describes the evolution in definitions and terminology
1	January	2009	Follow These Steps to Map Potential Sales — describes an extensive geo-business application that combines retail competition analysis and product sales prediction
12	December	2008	Can We Really Map the Future? — describes the use of “linear regression” to develop prediction equations relating dependent and independent map variables
11	November	2008	Discover the “Miracles” in Mapping Data Clusters — describes the use of “clustering” to identify inherent groupings of similar data patterns
10	October	2008	Get “Map-ematical” to Identify Data Zones — describes the use of “level-slicing” for classifying locations with a specified data pattern (data zones)
9	September	2008	Use Map Analysis to Characterize Data Groups — describes the use of “data distance” to derive similarity among the data patterns in a set of map layers
8	August	2008	Interpreting Interpolation Results (and why it is important) — describes the use of “residual analysis” for evaluating spatial interpolation performance
7	July	2008	Myriad Techniques Help to Interpolate Spatial Distributions — discusses the basic concepts underlying spatial interpolation
6	June	2008	Linking Numeric and Geographic Distributions — investigates the link between numeric and geographic distributions of mapped data
5	May	2008	Shedding Light on Terrain Analysis — discusses how terrain orientation is used to generate Hillshade maps
4	April	2008	Twisting the Perspective of Map Surfaces — describes the character of spatial distributions through the generation of a customer density surface
3	March	2008	Contiguity Ties Things Together — describes an analytical approach for determining effective contiguity (clumped features)
2	February	2008	How to Determine Exactly “Where Is What” — discusses the levels of precision and accuracy
1	January	2008	Explore the Softer Side of GIS — describes a Manual GIS (circa 1950) and the relationship between social science conceptual frameworks for understanding/judgment in GIS modeling
12	December	2007	Lumpers and Splitters Propel GIS — describes the two camps of GIS (GeoExploration and GeoScience)
11	November	2007	Throwing the Baby Out with the Bath Water — discusses the information lost in aggregating field data and assigning typical values to polygons (desktop mapping)
10	October	2007	Get a Consistent Statistical Picture — describes creation of a Standardized Map Variable surface using Median and Quartile Range
9	September	2007	Normally Things Aren’t Normal — discusses the appropriateness of using traditional “normal” and percentile statistics
8	August	2007	GIS Innovation Drives Its Evolution — discusses the cyclic nature of GIS innovation (Mapping, Structure and Analysis)
7	July	2007	The Long and Short of Slope — investigates longitudinal and transverse slope calculation
6	June	2007	Segmenting Our World — discusses techniques for segmenting linear routes based on terrain inflection
5	May	2007	Getting the Numbers Right — describes an alternative framework based on how the map values are retrieved to classify analytical operations
4	April	2007	Geo-Referencing Is the Cornerstone of GIS — describes current and alternative approaches for referencing geographic and abstract space
3	March	2007	Understand Resolution to “Think with Maps” — discusses the factors that determine the “informational scale” digital maps
2	February	2007	Finding Common Ground in Paper and Digital Worlds — describes the similarities and differences in information and organization between traditional paper and digital maps
	…BM columns above were published after the Map Analysis book/CD (January, 2007 to December 2013).

Return to Top of the listing

Online Book	Hardcopy Book
Beyond Mapping III: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns …is an online book organizing the Beyond Mapping columns first published in GIS World/GeoWorld from 1996 to 2013 into 28 Topics, Introduction and Epilog.	Map Analysis: Understanding Spatial Patterns and Relationships …is a hardcopy book (GeoTec Media, 2007) of selected columns from 1996 to 2007 organized into 10 Topics, Introduction, Epilog, Index and a companion CD-ROM containing Additional Readings, Color Graphics files, Instructor Materials and software for hands-on exercises cross-referenced to the topics.

Note: click on the hyperlinks below to access the columns compiled into the Beyond Mapping III online book.

	…BM columns below were published in the Map Analysis book/CD (September 1996 to January, 2007).
1	January	2007	A Multifaceted GIS Community — investigates the technical shifts and cultural impacts of the rapidly expanding GIS tent of users, application developers and tool programmers
12	December	2006	Pathways to GIS — explores different paths of GIS adoption for five disciplines (Natural Resources, Facilities Management, Public Health, Business and Precision Agriculture)
11	November	2006	Contemporary GIS and Future Directions — discusses contemporary GIS and probable future directions (Multimedia Mapping and Spatial Reasoning/Dialog)
10	October	2006	Early GIS Technology and Its Expression — traces the early phases of GIS technology (Computer Mapping, Spatial Database Management and Map Analysis/Modeling)
9	September	2006	Statistically Compare Continuous Map Surfaces — discusses procedures for comparing continuous map surfaces
8	August	2006	Spatial Data Mining “Down on the Farm” — discusses process for moving from Whole-Field to Site-Specific management
7	July	2006	Statistically Compare Discrete Maps — discusses procedures for comparing discrete maps
6	June	2006	Under the Hood of Spatial Interpolation — investigates the basic concepts in IDW and Kriging interpolation procedures
5	May	2006	The Average Is Hardly Anywhere — discusses the difference between spatial and non-spatial data distributions
4	April	2006	Key Concepts Characterize Unique Conditions — describes a technique for handling unique combinations of map layers
3	March	2006	Use LCP Procedures to Center Optimal Paths — discusses a procedure for eliminating “zig-zags” in areas of minimal siting preference
2	February	2006	Nearby Things Are More Alike — use of decay functions in weight-averaging surrounding conditions
1	January	2006	Spatially Aggregated Reporting: The Probability is Good — discusses techniques for smoothing “salt and pepper” results and deriving probability surfaces from aggregated incident records
12	December	2005	Filtering for the Good Stuff — investigates a couple of spatial filters for assessing neighborhood connectivity and variability
11	November	2005	Milking Spatial Context Information — describes a procedure for deriving a customer density surface
10	October	2005	Computer Processing Aids Spatial Neighborhood Analysis — discusses approaches for calculating slope and profile
9	September	2005	Connect All the Dots to Find Optimal Paths — describes a procedure for determining an optimal path network from a dispersed set of end points
8	August	2005	Taking Distance to the Edge — discusses advance distance operations
7	July	2005	Calculate and Compare to Find Effective Proximity — describes how effective proximity is calculated
6	June	2005	Extend Simple Proximity to Effective Movement — discusses the concept of effective distance responding to relative and absolute barriers
5	May	2005	Use Cells and Rings to Calculate Simple Proximity — describes how simple proximity is calculated
4	April	2005	Measuring Distance Is Neither Here nor There — discusses the basic concepts of distance and proximity
3	March	2005	Making Space for Mapped Data — investigates the link between geographic space and data space for mapping data patterns
2	February	2005	Use Spatial Statistics to Map Abnormal Averages — discusses surface modeling to characterize the spatial distribution inherent in a data set
1	January	2005	Bending Our Understanding of Distance — uses effective distance in establishing erosion setback to demonstrate spatial analysis
12	December	2004	Moving Mapping to Analysis of Mapped Data — describes Spatial Analysis and Spatial Statistics as extensions to traditional mapping and statistics
11	November	2004	’Straightening’ Conversions Improve Optimal Paths — discusses a procedure for spatially responsive straightening of optimal paths
10.1	October	2004	Logic and Extent Elevate Suitability Models to New Levels — extends Rating discussion to include additional habitat considerations and model weighting
10	October	2004	Extended Experience Materials (unpublished support material) — provides hands-on experience with Suitability Modeling
9	September	2004	Use “Shadow Maps” to Understand Overlay Errors — describes how shadow maps of certainty can be used to estimate error and its propagation
8	August	2004	Mapping Techniques Rate Hugag Habitat Suitability — expands discussion to Binary Progression and Rating suitability models
7	July	2004	Suitability Models Find the Good, the Bad and the Hugag — describes a simple suitability model for characterizing habitat
6	June	2004	Computers Quickly Characterize Spatial Coincidence — discusses several human considerations in implementing GIS
5	May	2004	Overlay Operations Feature a Variety of Options — discusses the basic overlaying map operations
4	April	2004	Options Seem Endless When Reclassifying Maps — discusses the basic reclassifying map operations
3	March	2004	Use a Map-ematical Framework for GIS Modeling — describes a conceptual structure for map analysis operations and GIS modeling
2	February	2004	Migration Modeling Determines Spill Effect — describes procedures for assessing overland and channel flow impacts
1	January	2004	Use Available Tools to Calculate Flow Time and Quantity — discusses procedures for tracking flow time and quantity
12	December	2003	Constructing Realistic Downhill Flows Proves Difficult — discusses procedures for characterizing path, sheet, horizontal and fill flows
11	November	2003	Traditional Approaches Can’t Characterize Overland Flow — describes the basic considerations in overland flow
10.3	October	2003	Think with Maps to Evaluate Alternative Routes — describes procedures for comparing routes
10.2	October	2003	Least Cost Path Review (unpublished support material) — brief review of the LCP procedure for identifying optimal routes and corridors
10.1	October	2003	Extended Experience Materials (unpublished support material) — provides hands-on experience with Optimal Path analysis
9	September	2003	A Recipe for Calibrating and Weighting GIS Model Criteria — identifies procedures for calibrating and weighting map layers in GIS models
8	August	2003	Consider Multi-Criteria When Routing — discusses the construction of a discrete “cost/avoidance” map and optimal path corridors
7	July	2003	A Three-Step Process Identifies Preferred Routes — describes the basic steps in Least Cost Path analysis
6	June	2003	Use Mapping “Art” to Visualize Values — describes procedures for generating contour maps
5	May	2003	Turning GIS Education on Its Head — describes the numerous GIS career pathways and the need to engage prospective students from a variety of fields
4	April	2003	Multiple Methods Help Organize Raster Data — discusses different approaches to storing raster data
3	March	2003	Try Vulnerability Maps to Visualize Aesthetics — describes a procedure for deriving an aesthetics map based on visual exposure to pretty and ugly places
2	February	2003	Use Maps to Assess Visual Vulnerability — discusses a procedure for identifying visually vulnerable areas
1	January	2003	Beware of Slope’s Slippery Slope — describes various slope calculations and compares results
12	December	2002	Use Surface Area for Realistic Calculations — describes a technique for adjusting planimetric area to surface area considering terrain slope
11	November	2002	Identify Valley Bottoms in Mountainous Terrain — illustrates a technique for identifying flat areas connected to streams
10	October	2002	Accumulation Surfaces Connect Bus Riders and Stops — discusses an accumulation surface analysis procedure for linking riders with bus stops
9	September	2002	Normalizing Maps for Data Analysis — describes map normalization and data exchange with other software packages
8	August	2002	Maps Are Numbers First, Pictures Later — discusses the numeric and geographic characteristics of map values
7	July	2002	Grids and Lattices Build Visualizations — describes Lattice and Grid forms of map surface display
6	June	2002	Use Travel Time to Connect with Customers — describes techniques for optimal path and catchment analysis
5	May	2002	Grid-Based Mapping Identifies Customer Pockets and Territories — identifies techniques for identifying unusually high customer density and for delineating spatially balanced customer territories
4	April	2002	Maps and Curves Can Spatially Characterize Customer Loyalty — describes a technique for characterizing customer sensitivity to travel-time
3	March	2002	Use Travel Time to Identify Competition Zones — discusses the procedure for deriving relative travel-time advantage maps
2	February	2002	Stratify Maps to Make Better Predictions — illustrates a procedure for subdividing an area into smaller more homogenous groups prior to generating prediction equations
1	January	2002	Spatial Data Mining Allows Users to Predict Maps — describes the basic concepts and procedures for deriving equations that can be used to derive prediction maps
12	December	2001	Use Statistics to Map Data Clusters — discusses clustering for partitioning an area into separate data groups
11	November	2001	Use Similarity to Identify Data Zones — describes level-slicing for classifying areas into zones containing a specified data pattern
10	October	2001	Geographic Software Removes Guesswork from Map Similarity — discusses basic considerations and procedures for generating similarity maps
9	September	2001	Use Polar Variograms to Assess Distance and Direction Dependencies — discuses a procedure to incorporate direction as well as distance for assessing spatial dependency
8	August	2001	Use Exposure Maps and Fat Buttons to Assess Visual Impact — investigates procedures for assessing visual exposure
7	July	2001	Visual Exposure is in the Eye of the Beholder — describes procedures for assessing visual impact and creating simple models
6	June	2001	Identify and Use Visual Exposure to Create Viewshed Maps — discusses basic considerations and procedures for establishing visual connectivity
5	May	2001	Consider Slope and Scenic Beauty in Deriving Hiking Maps — describes a general procedure for weighting friction maps to reflect different objectives
4	April	2001	Derive and Use Hiking-Time Maps for Off-Road Travel — discusses procedures for establishing hiking-time buffers responding to off-road travel
3	March	2001	Integrate Travel-Time into Mapping Packages — describes procedures for transferring travel-time data to other maps
2	February	2001	Use Travel-Time Buffers to Map Effective Proximity — discusses procedures for establishing travel-time buffers responding to street type
1	January	2001	Create Effective Distance Buffers to Improve Map Accuracy — develops procedures for creating buffers that respond to the relative ease of movement
12	December	2000	Line-of-Sight Buffers Add Intelligent to Maps — describes procedures for creating buffers that track relative visual exposure and noise levels
11	November	2000	Extending GIS Procedures with Variable-Width Buffers — discusses the basic considerations in establishing variable-width buffers that respond to both intervening conditions and the type of connectivity
10	October	2000	Video Mapping Brings Maps to Life — describes how video maps are generated and discusses some applications of video mapping
9	September	2000	Capture "Where and When" on Video-based GIS — describes how GPS-enabled video and digital still cameras work
8	August	2000	How to Represent Changes in a Virtual Forest — discusses how simulations and "fly-bys" are used to visualize landscape changes and characteristics
7	July	2000	How to Rapidly Construct a Virtual Scene — describes the procedures in generating a virtual scene from landscape inventory data
6	June	2000	Behind the Scenes of Virtual Reality — discusses the basic considerations and concepts in 3D-object rendering
5	May	2000	Modeling Erosion and Sediment Loading — illustrates a GIS model for assessing erosion potential and sediment loading
4	April	2000	Confluence Maps Further Characterize Micro-terrain Features — describes the use of optimal path density analysis for mapping surface flows
3	March	2000	Characterizing Terrain Slope and Roughness — discusses techniques for determining terrain inclination and coarseness
2	February	2000	Characterizing Local Terrain Conditions — discusses the use of "roving windows" to distinguish localized variations
1	January	2000	Use Data to Characterize Micro-Terrain Features — describes techniques to identify convex and concave features
12	December	1999	Can Predictable Maps Work for You? — describes a procedure for deriving a spatial prediction model
11	November	1999	Use Scatterplots to Understand Map Correlation — discusses the underlying concepts in assessing correlation among maps
10	October	1999	Use Statistics to Compare Map Surfaces — describes several techniques for comparing map surfaces
9	September	1999	Compare Maps by the Numbers — describes several techniques for comparing discrete maps
8	August	1999	Use Metrics to Assess Forest Fragmentation — describes some landscape indices for determining richness and fragmentation
7	July	1999	Get to the Core of Landscape Analysis — describes techniques for assessing core area and edge characterization
6	June	1999	Use GIS to Analyze Landscape Structure — discusses the underlying principles in landscape analysis and introduces some example landscape indices
5	May	1999	Use GIS to Calculate Nearby Neighbor Statistics — describes a technique that calculates the proximity to all of the surrounding parcels of a similar vegetation type
4	April	1999	GIS Represents Spatial Patterns and Relationships — discusses the important differences among discrete mapping , continuous map surfaces and map analysis
3	March	1999	Observe the Evolving GIS Mindset — illustrates the "map-ematical" approach to analyzing mapped data
2	February	1999	Is GIS Technology Ahead of Science? — discusses several issues surrounding the differences in the treatment of non-spatial and spatial data
1	January	1999	Extending Spatial Dependency to Maps — describes a technique for generating a map of spatial autocorrelation
12	December	1998	Measuring Spatial Dependency — describes the basic measures of autocorrelation
11	November	1998	Unlocking the Keystone Concept of Spatial Dependency — discusses spatial dependency and illustrates the effects of different spatial arrangements of the same set of data
10	October	1998	GIS Data Are Rarely Normal — describes the basic non-spatial descriptive statistics
9	September	1998	GIS Software's Changing Roles — discusses the evolution of GIS software and identifies important trends
8	August	1998	Identify Data Patterns — discusses data clustering and its application in identifying spatial patterns
7	July	1998	Explore Data Space — establishes the concept of "data space" and how mapped data conforms to this fundamental view
6	June	1998	Link Data and Geographic Distributions — describes the direct link between numeric and geographic distributions
5	May	1998	Beware the Slippery Surfaces of GIS Modeling — discusses the relationships among maps, map surfaces and data distributions
4	April	1998	Continued Analysis of In-Store Movement and Sales Patterns — describes the use of temporal analysis and coincidence mapping to enhance shopping patterns
3	March	1998	Further Analyzing In-Store Movement and Sales Patterns — discusses how map analysis is used to investigate the relationship between shopper movement and sales
2	February	1998	GIS Analyzes In-Store Movement and Sales Patterns — describes a procedure using accumulation surface analysis to infer shopper movement from cash register data
1	January	1998	Analyzing Stepped Accumulation Surfaces — describes a technique for forcing an optimal path through a series of points
12	December	1997	Determining Optimal Path Corridors — describes a technique for determining the set of n^th best paths between two points
11	November	1997	Analyzing Accumulation Surfaces — describes how two surfaces can be analyzed to determine the relative travel-time advantages
10	October	1997	Building Accumulation Surfaces — reviews how proximity analysis and effective distance is used to construct accumulation surfaces
9	September	1997	Diverse Student Needs Must Drive GIS Education — identifies new demands and students that are molding the future of GIS education
8	August	1997	Varied Applications Drive GIS Perspectives — discusses how map analysis is enlarging the traditional view of mapping
7	July	1997	Uncovering the Mysteries of Spatial Autocorrelation — describes approaches used in assessing spatial autocorrelation
6	June	1997	Where Is GIS Education — describes the broadening appeal of GIS and its impact on academic organization and infrastructure
5	May	1997	Depending on the Data — discusses the fundamental concepts of spatial dependency
4	April	1997	Comparing Map Errors — describes how normalized maps of error can be used to visualize the differences in error surfaces
3	March	1997	Move Beyond a Map Full of Errors — discusses a technique for generating a "shadow map" of error
2	February	1997	Justifiable Interpolation — describes the "Residual Analysis" procedure for assessing interpolation performance
1	January	1997	Designer Samples — describes different sampling patterns and their relative advantages
12	December	1996	What's the Point? — discusses the general considerations in point sampling design
11	November	1996	Does Anyone Object? — discusses some concerns of object-oriented GIS
10	October	1996	Spatial Objects—the Parse and Parcel of GIS? — discusses database objects and their map expressions
9	September	1996	What Is Object-Oriented Technology Anyway? — establishes the basic concepts in object-oriented technology

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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Online Book	Hardcopy Book
Beyond Mapping II: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns …is an online book organizing the Beyond Mapping columns first published in GIS World (now GeoWorld) from 1993 to 1995 into 10 Topics, Introduction and Epilog	Spatial Reasoning for Effective GIS …is a hardcopy book (John Wiley Publishers, 1993) of selected Beyond Mapping columns organized into 10 Topics, Introduction, Epilog, Resource Listing, Appendix on GIS Formulae and Index. The BM columns were first published in GIS World (now GeoWorld) from 1993 to 1995

Note: click on the hyperlinks below to access the columns compiled into the Beyond Mapping II online book at www.innovativegis.com/basis

8	August	1996	Developing an Understanding GIS — describes the translation of mapped data to spatial information for decision-making
7	July	1996	Don’t Forget the Human Factor: an Experiential GIS — describes an early experience (1980) in the application of GIS to land use planning involving the spatial expression and public hearing of a Comprehensive Plan of Development and Conservation
6	June	1996	Analyzing Spatial Dependency between Maps — Analyzing Spatial Dependency Between Maps — investigates multivariate analysis involving the coincidence of two or more map layers
5	May	1996	Analyzing Spatial Dependency within a Map — investigates univariate analysis involving spatial relationships within a single map layer
4	April	1996	The Unique Character of Spatial Analysis — discusses spatial analysis as deriving new spatial information based on geographic dependence within and among map variables
3	March	1996	Classifying the Analytical Capabilities of GIS — discusses the differences and similarities in the Berry and Tomlin map analysis classification schemes
2	February	1996	Evaluating Map-ematical Relationships — discussed the differences and similarities between the two basic types of GIS models (Cartographic and Spatial) using the Universal Soil Loss Equation as an example
1	January	1996	Extending Basic Models through Logic Modifications — describes logic extensions to a simple Landslide Susceptible model by adding additional criteria that changes a model’s structure
12	December	1995	From Recipes to Models — describes basic Binary and Rating model expressions using a simple Landslide Susceptible model
11	November	1995	Heads-Up and Feet-Down Digitizing — discusses the design components of a GIS/GPS/RS field unit
10	October	1995	GIS and Remote Sensing Share a Lofty Marriage — identifies the basic concepts, principles and theoretical underpinnings of Remote Sensing (RS) technology
9	September	1995	Put Things in Their Proper Places with GPS — identifies the basic concepts, principles and theoretical underpinnings of the Global Positioning System (GPS)
8	August	1995	Rasterized Lines and Vectorized Cells — describes specialized offshoots of traditional raster and vector data formats
7	July	1995	How are your QUADS and TINS? — describes alternative Quadtree and Triangular Irregular Network data formats
6	June	1995	Raster is Faster, but Vector is Correcter — describes the structuring of traditional Vector data using explicit topology linking spatial and attribute tables
5	May	1995	Are You a GIS Dead Head? — describes the structuring of traditional Raster data using implicit topology based on the row/column positioning in a matrix
4	April	1995	Explore a New Spatial Paradigm — discusses the movement from mapping and spatial inventories by technologists to spatial reasoning and dialog involving enlightened users in development of solutions to complex spatial problems
3	March	1995	Is the GIS Cart in Front of the Horse? — discusses driving forces, trends and forecasts in contemporary GIS from the perspective of modeling interrelationships among mapped variables
	February	1995	Layers to Tapestry (supplement) — describes an interactive environment for diagramming GIS Logic and processing flows
2	February	1995	Dodge the GIS Modeling Babble Ground — identifies a Classification Guide for categorizing GIS models
1	January	1995	What’s in a Model? — discusses a conceptual framework for GIS model types and characteristics
12	December	1994	Resolving Map Detail — discusses the four basic types Map Resolution (Spatial, Minimum Mapping, Thematic and Temporal) that define the level of detail in a digital map as dramatically different from the traditional concept of Map Scale
11	November	1994	What Does Your Computer Really Think of Your Map? — discusses Spatial Topology through the differences among Graphics Packages, Mapping Software, Spatial Database Management Systems, and GIS Analysis/Modeling Approaches
10	October	1994	Empirical Verification Assesses Mapping Performance — describes procedures for assessing mapping performance through Error Matrix (discrete) and Residual Analysis (continuous)
9	September	1994	Avoid Dis-Information — describes the calculation of a localized Coefficient of Variance map
8	August	1994	Spawning Uncertainty — identifies a procedure for tracking error propagation in map overlay
7	July	1994	The This, That, There Rule — describes creating a “Shadow Map of Certainty” that characterizes the spatial distribution of probable error
6	June	1994	Build It and They Will Come — describes the tactical and conceptual considerations in GIS implementation
5	May	1994	What Can GIS Do for You? — identifies and discusses the seven basic types of questions addressed by GIS technology
4	April	1994	Question GIS before You Start — discusses the importance of an Information Needs Assessment (INA) and a GIS Reality Assessment (GRA)
3	March	1994	Maneuvering on GIS’s Sticky Floor — describes Inverse Distance, Kriging, and Minimum Curvature techniques for surface modeling
2	February	1994	Surf’s Up — fitting continuous map surfaces to geographic data distributions
1	January	1994	Averages Are Mean — compares nonspatial and spatial distributions of field data
12	December	1993	Consider a GIS Modeler’s Toolkit — discusses an Object-Oriented Programming System approach to GIS model development
11	November	1993	Moving Toward a Humane GIS — describes an interactive link between GIS model logic and code
10	October	1993	Distinguishing Data from Information and Understanding — considers the fundamental concepts behind moving mapped data to information and ultimately to understanding

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Online Book	Hardcopy Book
Beyond Mapping I: A Compilation of Beyond Mapping Columns is an online book organizing the Beyond Mapping columns first published in GIS World (now GeoWorld) from 1989 to 1993 into 10 Topics, Introduction and Epilog.	Beyond Mapping: Concepts, Algorithms and Issues in GIS …is a hardcopy book (John Wiley Publishers, 1993) of selected Beyond Mapping columns organized into 10 Topics, Introduction, Epilog, Resource Listing, Glossary and Index. The BM columns were first published in GIS World (now GeoWorld) from 1989 to 1993.

Note: click on the hyperlinks below to access individual Beyond Mapping columns

9	September	1993	Terminology Accelerates Your Intellectual Depletion Allowance — introduces the concepts and organization used in GIS databases comprised of multiple map layers
8	August	1993	GIS Maps Are Dumb — compares the basic Vector and Raster data structure approaches for storing individual map layers
7	July	1993	Coming to Terms with Terminology — describes the underlying theory of how point, line and areal features are stored in Vector and Raster GISs
6	June	1993	Special URISA Issue — no BM column
5	May	1993	Is Conflict Resolution an Oxymoron? — discusses how weights are used combining individual map layers of concern to derive an overall map of suitability that reflects group consensus
4	April	1993	Maps Speak Louder than Words — describes analysis procedures that translate decision-maker concerns into maps
3	March	1993	Effective Standards Required to Go Beyond Mapping — identifies and describes four levels of GIS standards (data Exchange, Geographic, Algorithmic and Interpretational)
2	February	1993	GIS Mirrors Perceptions of Decision Criteria — describes a flowcharting procedure that expresses GIS model logic in a clear and concise form
1	January	1993	Take a New Look at Visual Connectivity — describes viewshed and visual exposure procedures
12	December	1992	Twists and Contortions Lead to Connectivity — describes procedures for calculating optimal paths and routing corridors
11	November	1992	Rubber Rulers Fit Reality Better — describes procedures for calculating effective distance that considers intervening absolute and relative barriers
10	October	1992	Distance Is Simple and Straight Forward — describes simple distance calculation as a propagating wavefront
9	September	1992	There’s More Than One Way to Figure Slope — describes procedures for calculating surface slope and its varied applications
8	August	1992	A Tailored Plan and Curriculum Cure GIS Training Woes — describes and discusses the importance of effective education and training needed for successful GIS adoption
7	July	1992	Special URISA Issue — no BM column but supplemental white paper was made available… Bringing the GIS Paradigm to Closure — discusses the evolution and probable future of GIS technology
6	June	1992	GIS Is Never Having to Say You’re Sorry — discusses the human and organizational considerations in adopting GIS technology
5	May	1992	Both Dreams and Nightmares Are Born of Frustration — discusses the limitations of traditional cost/benefit analysis in evaluating the adoption of a radically new technology like GIS
4	April	1992	If I Hadn’t of Believed It, I Wouldn’t Have Seen It — discusses map-wide overlay techniques and the spatial evaluation of algebraic equations, such as regression
3	March	1992	Map Overlay Techniques— there’s more than one — discusses region-wide summary and map coincidence techniques
2	Feb/Jan	1992	Characterizing Spatial Coincidence the Computer’s Way — describes point-by-point overlay techniques
12	December	1991	Analyzing the Non-Analytical — describes how “joint probability of coincidence” and “minimum mapping resolution” can be used to assess results of overlaying maps
11	November	1991	GIS Facilitates Error Assessment — discusses potential sources of error when overlaying maps and how “shadow maps” of error and “fuzzy theory” can shed light on the problem
10	October	1991	Discovering Feature Patterns — describes procedures for assessing landscape pattern (Spacing and Contiguity)
9	September	1991	You Can’t See the Forest for the Trees — discusses indices of feature shape (Boundary Configuration and Spatial Integrity)
8	August	1991	Need to Ask the Right Questions Takes You Beyond Mapping — describes indices of map variability (Neighborhood Complexity and Comparison)
7	July	1991	Special URISA Issue — no BM column but supplemental white paper was made available… A Mathematical Structure for Analyzing Maps— a 1986 journal article establishing a framework for map analysis/modeling
6	June	1991	Frankly My Dear, I Don’t Give a Damn — discusses how GIS modeling and spatial reasoning are changing policy formation and decision-making
5	May	1991	Who Says You Can’t Teach an Old Dog New Tricks? — describes the basic concepts and approaches used in GIS modeling
4	Apr/Mar	1991	What’s Needed to Go Beyond Mapping — lists and describes the analytical tools needed to go beyond mapping
2	Feb/Jan	1991	Technobabble — discusses the radical changes GIS technology and the digital map are bringing to traditional mapping
12	December	1990	I Don’t Do Windows — describes procedures for summarizing weighted roving windows
10	Oct/Nov	1990	Torture Numbers, They’ll Tell you Anything — discusses the underlying theory and basic considerations of spatial interpolation
8	Aug/Sep	1990	It’s Like the New Math, I am Just Too Old — discusses the concept of calculating a “map derivative” and its use
6	Jun/July	1990	Imagination is More Important than Information — describes procedures for characterizing surface configuration (slope, aspect and profile)
4	Apr/May	1990	There’s Only One Problem Having All this Sophisticated Equipment — discusses the basic approaches used for calculating narrowness and visual connectivity
2	Feb/Mar	1990	Keep It Simple Stupid (KISS) — describes the use of “accumulation surfaces” for deriving optimal path density and N^th best paths
11	Nov/Dec	1989	As the Crow Walks — describes the use of “propagating waves” for calculating effective distance and optimal paths
9	Sep/Oct	1989	You Can’t Get There from Here — introduces the similarities and differences between “simple” and “effective” distance measurement
7	Jul/Aug	1989	GIS Technology Is Technical Oz — discusses and compares the relative advantages/disadvantages between Vector and Raster processing
5	May V2-3	1989	It Depends: Implications of data structure — discusses and compares the similarities and differences between Vector and Raster data structure applications
3	March V2-2	1989	Maps as Data: a 'Map-ematics' is Emerging — describes the differences between Discrete and Continuous mapped data
9	Jan V2-1	1989	No BM column
9	Sep V1-2	1988	No BM column
7	Jul V1-1	1988	No BM column

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